- Title
- Associations between Smoking and Alcohol and Follicular Lymphoma Incidence and Survival: A Family-Based Case-Control Study in Australia
- Creator
- Odutola, Michael K.; van Leeuwen, Marina T.; Roncolato, Fernando; Underhill, Craig R.; Opat, Stephen S.; Harvey, Michael; Hertzberg, Mark; Benke, Geza; Giles, Graham G.; Vajdic, Claire M.; Turner, Jennifer; Bruinsma, Fiona; Seymour, John F.; Prince, Henry M.; Milliken, Samuel T.; Trotman, Judith; Verner, Emma; Tiley, Campbell
- Relation
- Cancers Vol. 14, Issue 11, no. 2710
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14112710
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2022
- Description
- The association between smoking and alcohol consumption and follicular lymphoma (FL) incidence and clinical outcome is uncertain. We conducted a population-based family case-control study (709 cases: 490 controls) in Australia. We assessed lifetime history of smoking and recent alcohol consumption and followed-up cases (median = 83 months). We examined associations with FL risk using unconditional logistic regression and with all-cause and FL-specific mortality of cases using Cox regression. FL risk was associated with ever smoking (OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.08–1.74), former smoking (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.05–1.77), smoking initiation before age 17 (OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.06–2.05), the highest categories of cigarettes smoked per day (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.04–2.01), smoking duration (OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.07–2.18) and pack-years (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.10–2.22). For never smokers, FL risk increased for those exposed indoors to >2 smokers during childhood (OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.11–3.04). For cases, current smoking and the highest categories of smoking duration and lifetime cigarette exposure were associated with elevated all-cause mortality. The hazard ratio for current smoking and FL-specific mortality was 2.97 (95%CI = 0.91–9.72). We found no association between recent alcohol consumption and FL risk, all-cause or FL-specific mortality. Our study showed consistent evidence of an association between smoking and increased FL risk and possibly also FL-specific mortality. Strengthening anti-smoking policies and interventions may reduce the population burden of FL.
- Subject
- follicular lymphoma; smoking; alcohol; incidence; survival; SDG 3; Sustainable Development Goals
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1485137
- Identifier
- uon:51501
- Identifier
- ISSN:2072-6694
- Rights
- © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Language
- eng
- Full Text
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